Like its current citizens, the United States was born in debt-a debt so
deep that it threatened to destroy the young nation. Thomas Jefferson considered the
national debt a monstrous fraud on posterity, while Alexander Hamilton believed debt would
help America prosper. Both, as it turns out, were right.
One Nation Under Debt explores the untold history of America's first
national debt, which arose from the immense sums needed to conduct the American
Revolution.
Noted economic historian Robert Wright, Ph.D. tells in riveting narrative how a
subjugated but enlightened people cast off a great tyrant-?but their liberty, won with
promises as well as with the blood of patriots, came at a high price.? He brings to life
the key events that shaped the U.S. financial system and explains how the actions of our
forefathers laid the groundwork for the debt we still carry today.
As an economically tenuous nation by Revolution's end, America's people
struggled to get on their feet. Wright outlines how the formation of a new government
originally reduced the nation's debt-but, as debt was critical to this government's
survival, it resurfaced, to be beaten back once more. Wright then reveals how political
leaders began accumulating massive new debts to ensure their popularity, setting the
financial stage for decades to come.
Wright traces critical evolutionary developments-from Alexander Hamilton's
creation of the nation's first modern capital market, to the use of national bonds to
further financial goals, to the drafting of state constitutions that created non-predatory
governments. He shows how, by the end of Andrew Jackson's administration, America's
financial system was contributing to national growth while at the same time new national
and state debts were amassing, sealing the fate for future generations.
Robert E. Wright
is the Rudy and Marlyn Nef Family Chair of Political
Economy in the Division of Social Sciences at Augustana College and is a curator for the
Museum of American Finance. He is the author of scores of articles, entries, reviews, and
chapters, and has authored or coauthored nine books. Wright has written for Barron's, the
Chronicle of Higher Education, Forbes.com, and other prominent publications, and has
appeared on NPR, C-SPAN,
and the BBC.
Table of Contents
Preface vii
A Twinkle In The Eye: The Importance of Government Debt 1
Parentage: European Precedents 17
Conception: Financing Revolution 41
Gestation: The Constitution and the National Debt 75
Birth: Alexander Hamilton's Grand Plan 123
Youth And Maturity: The Public Debt Grows Up, Then Slims Down 161
Life: The Life and Times of Federal Bondholders in Virginia 187
Blessings: American Economic Growth 237
Death And Reincarnation: Jackson's Triumph and Failure 269
Appendix 285
Notes 333
Bibliography 371
Index 387
About the Author 421
256 pages, Hardcover