This book introduces the fundamental methods and techniques of correct
reasoning, in a manner that shows the relevance of the topics to readers everyday lives.
Many new exercises introduced in this edition help supplement and support explanations,
aid in review, and make the book visually stimulating.
Table of Contents
PART I LOGIC AND LANGUAGE
SECTION A REASONING
CHAPTER 1 Basic Logical
Concepts
1.1 What Logic Is
1.2 Propositions and Arguments
1.3 Recognizing Arguments
1.4 Arguments and Explanations
1.5 Deductive and Inductive
Arguments
1.6 Validity and Truth
CHAPTER 2 Analyzing
Arguments
2.1 Paraphrasing Arguments
2.2 Diagramming Arguments
2.3 Complex Argumentative Passages
2.4 Problems in Reasoning
SECTION B INFORMAL LOGIC
CHAPTER 3 Language and
Definitions
3.1 Language Functions
3.2 Emotive Language, Neutral
Language, and Disputes
3.3 Disputes and Ambiguity
3.4 Definitions and Their Uses
3.5 The Structure of Definitions:
Extension and Intension
3.6 Definition by Genus and
Difference
CHAPTER 4 Fallacies
4.1 What Is a Fallacy?
4.2 Classification of Fallacies
4.3 Fallacies of Relevance
4.4 Fallacies of Defective
Induction
4.5 Fallacies of Presumption
4.6 Fallacies of Ambiguity
PART II DEDUCTION
SECTION A CLASSICAL LOGIC
CHAPTER 5 Categorical
Propositions
5.1 The Theory of Deduction
5.2 Classes and Categorical Propositions
5.3 The Four Kinds of Categorical
Propositions
5.4 Quality, Quantity, and
Distributions
5.5 The Traditional Square of
Opposition
5.6 Further Immediate Inferences
5.7 Existential Import and the
Interpretation of Categorical Propositions
5.8 Symbolism and Diagrams for
Categorical Propositions
CHAPTER 6 Categorical
Syllogisms
6.1 Standard-Form Categorical
Syllogisms
6.2 The Formal Nature of
Syllogistic Argument
6.3 Venn Diagram Technique for
Testing Syllogisms
6.4 Syllogistic Rules and
Syllogistic Fallacies
6.5 Exposition of the Fifteen Valid
Forms of the Categorical Syllogism
Appendix: Deduction
of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism
CHAPTER 7 Syllogisms in
Ordinary Language
7.1 Syllogistic Arguments
7.2 Reducing the Number of Terms to
Three
7.3 Translating Categorical
Propositions into Standard Form
7.4 Uniform Translation
7.5 Enthymemes
7.6 Sorites
7.7 Disjunctive and Hypothetical
Syllogisms
7.8 The Dilemma
SECTION B MODERN LOGIC
CHAPTER 8 Symbolic Logic
8.1 Modern Logic and Its Symbolic
Language
8.2 The Symbols for Conjunction,
Negation, and Disjunction
8.3 Conditional Statements and
Material Implication
8.4 Argument Forms and Refutation
by Logical Analogy
8.5 The Precise Meaning of
“Invalid” and “Valid”
8.6 Testing Argument Validity Using
Truth Tables
8.7 Some Common Argument Forms
8.8 Statement Forms and Material
Equivalence
8.9 Logical Equivalence
8.10 The Three “Laws of Thought”
CHAPTER 9 Methods of
Deduction
9.1 Formal Proof of Validity
9.2 The Elementary Valid Argument
Forms
9.3 Formal Proofs of Validity
Exhibited
9.4 Constructing Formal Proofs of
Validity
9.5 Constructing More Extended
Formal Proofs
9.6 Expanding the Rules of
Inference: Replacement Rules
9.7 The System of Natural Deduction
9.8 Constructing Formal Proofs
Using the Nineteen Rules of Inference
9.9 Proof of Invalidity
9.10 Inconsistency
9.11 Indirect Proof of Validity
9.12 Shorter Truth-Table Technique
CHAPTER 10 Quantification
Theory
10.1 The Need for Quantification
10.2 Singular Propositions
10.3 Universal and Existential
Quantifiers
10.4 Traditional
Subject–Predicate Propositions
10.5 Proving Validity
10.6 Proving Invalidity
10.7 Asyllogistic Inference
PART III INDUCTION
SECTION A ANALOGY AND
CAUSATION
CHAPTER 11 Analogical
Reasoning
11.1 Induction and Deduction
Revisited
11.2 Argument by Analogy
11.3 Appraising Analogical
Arguments
11.4 Refutation by Logical Analogy
CHAPTER 12 Causal Reasoning
12.1 Cause and Effect
12.2 Causal Laws and the Uniformity
of Nature
12.3 Induction by Simple
Enumeration
12.4 Methods of Causal Analysis
12.5 Limitations of Inductive
Techniques
SECTION B SCIENCE AND
PROBABILITY
CHAPTER 13 Science and
Hypothesis
13.1 Scientific Explanation
13.2 Scientific Inquiry: Hypothesis
and Confirmation
13.3 Evaluating Scientific
Explanations
13.4 Classification as Hypothesis
CHAPTER 14 Probability
14.1 Alternative Conceptions of
Probability
14.2 The Probability Calculus
14.3 Probability in Everyday Life
688 pages, Paperback