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Advanced Organic Chemistry:
Reactions and Mechanisms
Bernard Miller, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Summary
Ideal text for all
undergraduate and graduate students who have previously taken a one-year course in Organic
Chemistry, as well as serving students who have already had specialized courses in
Physical Organic Chemistry, Stereochemistry, Spectroscopy, etc., and who need additional
knowledge about Organic Reactions. Typically taught as a third semester undergraduate
course or a senior/graduate course in organic reactions and mechanisms.
This text discusses important organic reactions and mechanisms not usually covered in
depth in introductory organic chemistry courses. By stressing new material, it avoids
student's hostility to repeating material previously studied, while still offering the
opportunity to review important concepts and principles in novel settings.
Features
- Stresses
reactions of organic molecules and their mechanisms the core subject of organic
chemistry.
Includes detailed discussion
of a resonance.
Includes detailed
qualitative, non-mathematical discussion of the principles and applications of molecular
orbital theory. Pg. 26-38.
- Covers
important reactions and mechanistic principles not typically discussed in detail in
Introductory Organic Chemistry courses.
- Teaches
students to analyze complex processes, and to propose reasonable mechanisms by focusing on
expected reactions of starting material and intermediates.
- Includes
two complete chapters covering heterocyclic chemistry a vitally important subject,
particularly for students interested in biological chemistry that is often overlooked.
- Serves
specifically as a teaching text, integrating frequent examples and exercises, conveying
concepts in an easily understandable, conversational style, and highlighting potential
stumbling blocks and the shortcuts around them.
- Hundreds
of challenging end-of-chapter exercises are included, referenced to the current
literature. References as recent as late 1996 are included.
- Flexible
organization. Chapters on Heterocyclic Chemistry, for instance, can be covered at any
point in the course.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.
Mechanisms of Reactions.
Electron Delocalization and Resonance.
2. Electrocyclic Reactions.
Introduction. Conrotatory and
Disrotatory Processes. Explanations for the Woodward-Hoffman Rules. Electrocyclic
Reactions with Odd Numbers of Atoms. Photochemical Cyclizations.
3. Cycloaddiction and Cycloreversion Reactions.
Introduction. Suprafacial and
Antarafacial Addition. Selection Rules for Cycloaddition and Cycloreversion Reactions.
Examples of Thermal Cycloaddition Reactions. Photochemical Cycloadditions.
4. Sigmatropic Reactions.
Theory of Sigmatropic Shifts.
Experimental Observations. Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Charged Systems.
5. Linear Free-Energy Relationships.
The Hammett Equation.
Separation of Polar, Resonance, and Steric Effects.
6. Migrations to
Electron-Deficient Centers.
Migrations to
Electron-Deficient Carbons. The Nature of the Migrating Groups. Rearrangements of
Carbocations. Long-Distance Migrations. Migrations to Nitrogen and Oxygen.
7. Neighboring-Group Effects and "Nonclassical" Cations.
Substitution with Retention
of Configuration. Cyclic Halonium Ions. Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustards. Trans/Cis Rate
Ratios. Neighboring Acetoxy Groups. Cyclic Phenonium Ions. Double Bonds as Neighboring
Groups. Cyclopropane Rings as Neighboring Groups. Neighboring Alkyl Groups: 2-Norbornyl
Cations.
8. Rearrangements of Carbanions and Free Radicals.
Carbanion Rearrangements.
Rearrangements of Free Radicals.
9. Carbenes, Carbenoids, and Nitrenes.
Introduction. Formation of
Carbenes and Nitrenes. Singlet and Triplet Carbenes. Additions to Double Bonds. Insertion
Reactions. Rearrangements.
10. Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings.
Aromatic Heterocyclic
Molecules. Reactions of Pyridine and Its Analogs. Synthesis of Six-Membered Heterocyclic
Rings.
11. Five-Membered Heterocyclic Rings.
Introduction. Electron
Delocalization and Aromaticity. Reactions of Five-Membered Heterocyclic Rings. Synthesis
of Five-Membered Heteroaromatic Rings.
320 pages