SONET and T1:
Architecture for Digital Transport Networks, Second Edition gives communications
professionals up-to-the-minute insight into every facet of SONET technology N including
IP-over-SONET optical Internets, SONET/WDM integration, and other key innovations. It
delivers the field's most detailed coverage of SONET operations, administration, and
management, plus new and updated case studies from diverse carrier and corporate
environments.
- The definitive
SONET guide, fully updated for the latest technologies and standards
- In-depth coverage
of SONET operations, administration, and management
- New coverage:
IP-over-SONET optical Internets, WDM integration, MPLS, and much more
- All new chapter
on SDH and SONET/SDH interworking
The
professional's guide to SONET-completely updated for the latest innovations!
SONET is the
transport technology at the heart of virtually every high-speed optical network. SONET
and T1: Architecture for Digital Transport Networks, Second Edition gives
communications engineers and other professionals an in-depth understanding of every facet
of SONET technology-including breakthrough IP-over-SONET optical Internets, new techniques
for integrating SONET with WDM fiber, and other key innovations.
The authors
begin with an overview of SONET's goals and architecture, then present the most detailed
coverage of SONET operations, administration, and management available in any book. SONET
and T1: Architecture for Digital Transport Networks, Second Edition offers detailed
information on the "hows" and "whys" of deploying and managing any
SONET system, from architecture through maintenance, using real-life applications drawn
from diverse carrier and business environments. This second edition's new coverage
includes:
- New deployment
examples for metropolitan and long-haul networks
- New passive
optical applications
- New SONET network
management solutions
- New coverage of
SDH, the European SONET standard, and SONET/SDH interworking
- New techniques
for expanding network capacity with WDM
- IP-over-SONET:
advantages, risks, and issues
- SONET and MPLS
From day-to-day
administration to long-term planning, SONET and T1: Architecture for Digital Transport
Networks, Second Edition is your richest, most up-to-date SONET resource.
Author Bio
UYLESS BLACK is
a widely respected telecommunications consultant and lecturer with extensive operations
and implementation experience in both public and private networks. His clients include
Nortel, British Telecom, and major carriers throughout the U.S. His recent books include Voice
Over IP, Second Edition; IP Routing Protocols; and MPLS and Label Switching
Networks.
SHARLEEN WATERS
has served for fifteen years as GTE Senior Technical Instructor in Broadband Technologies,
training clients such as AT&T, Nortel, Siemens, Alcatel, NEC, and Fujitsu in
installing, testing, and maintaining SONET equipment.
Table of
Contents
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
Notes for the Reader.
1. Introduction.
What Are SONET and T1? The Development of SONET. Precursors to SONET. Participation by
ITU-T. Key ITU-T Documents. Role of ANSI and Key Standards. Documents. The Network and
Services Integration Forum (NSIF)). SONET and T1. Comparison of SONET and T1. Features of
SONET and T1. Synchronous Networks. The Perils of Bit Stuffing. SONET Timing. The Benefits
of Byte Alignment. Floating Payloads. Payloads and Envelopes. Optical Fiber-the Bedrock
for SONET. Typical SONET Topology. Present Transport Systems and SONET. Clarification of
Terms. Summary.
2. Digital Transmission Carrier Systems.
Organization of Telephone Services. Types of Signaling. Control Signaling. E&M
Signaling. Other Signaling. Connecting the User to the Telephone System. Two-Wire
Interface at Both Ends. Four-Wire Interface at Both Ends. Four-Wire Interface at One Site
and Two-Wire at the Other Site. Intraexchange or Intracity Private Lines. Typical
Applications. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM Carrier Systems. Analog-to-Digital
Conversion. Classification of Speech Coders. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). Pulse
Modulation. PAM. PCM. Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding. Segment Approximation. PCM
Algorithms: ľ-Law and A-Law. Other Analog-to-Digital Techniques. Differential PCM (DPCM)
and Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM). Sub-Band ADPCM (SB-ADPCM). Delta Modulation (DM) and
Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation (CVSD). Voice Compression Techniques: Code
Excited Linear Prediction. Newer Digital Voice Schemes. Convolutional Coding. The
Repetition Function. Voice Quality Categories: A General View. The New Voice Coders.
Conserving Bandwidth with Voice Activity Detection (VAD). Summary. Appendix 2A: Coding and
Coding Violations.
3. Timing and Synchronization in Digital Networks.
Timing and Synchronization in Digital Networks. Effect of Timing Errors. The Clocking
Signal. Timing (or Synchronization) Distribution. Clocking Rules. Types of Timing in
Networks. Plesiochronous and Asynchronous Networks. Synchronous Networks. The Synchronous
Clock Hierarchy. Summary and Clarification of Terms. Timing Variations. Frequency
Accuracy. Dealing with the Timing Problems. Slip Operations in More Detail.
Slips-Controlled and Uncontrolled. Bit or Clock Slips. Frequency Departures and
Accuracies. Methods of Clock Exchange. Free-Running. Line-Timed. Loop-Timed. External.
Through-Timed. Distribution of Timing Information with SONET and DS1 Signals. Decoupling
the Clocks. Other Uses and Examples of Pointer Operations. Floating Payloads and the SONET
Pointer. Locked Mode. Bit Stuffing for Uniformity. Timing Downstream Devices. Source Clock
Frequency Recovery for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Systems. Synchronization Status
Messages and Timing Loops. Examples of Timing Supply Systems. Use of Timing Supply
Systems. The Global Positioning System (GPS). The Building Integrated Timing Supply. The
Network Time Protocol (NTP). Summary.
4. The T1 Family.
T1 Line Configurations. The Digital Network. DS1 Frame Format. Advantages of the Bipolar
Code. Introduction to The D Family Channel Banks. North American Asynchronous Digital
Hierarchy. Digital Loop Carrier Systems. T1 Line and Trunks. D1 Channel Banks. Basic
Operations. Demise of the D1 Channel Bank. D1D Channel Banks. D2 Channel Banks. Robbed Bit
Signaling. The Superframe. Alarm Methods. D3 Channel Banks. D4 Channel Banks. Operating
Modes. Vendors' D4 Channel Banks. AT&T's D4. Nortel Networks' DE4 and DE4E. Other D4
Features. B8ZS. Clear Channel Capability. Zero-Byte Time Slot Interchange (ZBTSI).
Extended Superframe Format. D5 Channel Banks. Summary of the Use of the Eighth Bit.
Subscriber-type Systems. GR-303. Final Thoughts on the D Channel Banks. Fractional T1
(FT1). Dividing and Filling the T1 Channel. Compensating for Clock Differences in a T1
System. Summary. Appendix 4A: Frame Formats. Frame Formats.
5. SONET Operations.
Example of SONET Interfaces. SONET Configuration. OAM at the Three Components.
Configuration Possibilities. Automatic Protection Switching (APS). Achieving Structural
Diversity. SONET Layers. SONET Signaling Hierarchy. Beyond OC-192. SONET Envelopes.
Examples of Payload Mappings. The SONET Envelope in More Detail. Payload Pointers. The
Control Headers and Fields. SONET Equipment and Topologies. Summary.
6. Payload Mapping and Management.
A Brief Review. SONET STS-1 Envelope. The SONET STS-3c Frame Structure. The STS-1c
Envelope. AT&T DDM-2000 OC-3 Shelf. Control Circuit Pack. User Panel. Shelf Layout.
Signal Flow. Mapping and Multiplexing Operations. Another View of the Multiplexing and
Mapping Hierarchy. VT 1.5. VT2. VT3. VT6. The VT 1.5 Group Envelope. Summary of the VT
Types. Rows and columns of the VTs. Construction of the Entire SPE. STS-1, SPE for all VT
1.5. STS-1 SPE, for all VT 2. STS-1 SPE, for all VT 3. STS-1 SPE, for all VT 6. Composite
Mapping. A Final Look At Another Mapping Operation. Summary.
7. Topologies and Configurations.
Typical Topologies. Protection Switching in More Detail. The BLSR. A Common Approach.
Add-Drop and Cross-Connects on Ring or Point-to-Point Topologies. One-Way
Cross-Connections. One-Way DRI Cross-Connections. Two-Way Cross-Connections. Provisioning
SONET Machines for Add-Drop and Cross-Connect Operations. One-Way and Two-Way
Cross-Connections. One-Way Cross-Connections. Rolling Cross-Connections. Deleting
Cross-Connections. Example of Protection Switching on a Two Fiber Bidirectional Ring.
Cascading the Timing on Multiple Rings. Summary.
8. Operations, Administration, and Maintenance.
Need for Rigorous Testing. Alarm Surveillance. Categories of Tests. Transport Capability
Tests. Payload Pointer Testing. Embedded Overhead Tests. Line Interface Tests. OAM and the
SONET Layers. The SONET OAM Headers. Section Overhead. Line Overhead. Path Overhead. More
Information on the D Bytes. STS-3c Frames and Overhead. Maintenance Signals and Layers.
OAM Actions. Examples of OAM Operations. Troubleshooting Timing Problems. ATM and SONET
OAM Operations. SONET and Network Management Protocols. The Network Management Model.
Network Management Layers. Summary.
9. Manufacturers' and Vendors' Systems.
Introduction. SONET Releases. The Major Vendors. Examples of Nortel Networks' Products.
Example of OPTera Node. Examples of Fujitsu's Products. New Flash Product. Other Products.
Examples of Alcatel's Products. Summary of Optinex Equipment. Examples of Lucent
Technologies' Products. Ring Management. Evolution of WaveStar BWM. Examples of NEC's
Products.
10. The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.
SDH Systems Connecting to the United States. Comparison Of SONET and SDH. Differences
Between SONET and SDH. Key Terms. Transporting E4, H4, and DS-1 Signals. The SDH
Mulitplexing Hierarchy. SONET (1.544 Mbit/s) Mapping and Multiplexing Structure. SDH
(2.048 Mbit/s) Mapping and Multiplexing Structure. SONET (DS1C) Mapping And Multiplexing
Structure. SONET (DS-2) Mapping And Multiplexing Structure. SONET 44.736 Mbit/s, SDH
34.368 Mbit/s, and 139.264 Mbit/s Mapping and Multiplexing Structure. Three Types of
Mapping for the VC-11, VC-12, or VC-2 Signals. Asynchronous Mapping. Bit Synchronous
Mapping. Byte Synchronous Mapping. Revised SDH Digital Hierarchy. SDH Overhead Bytes. The
Overhead Bytes and the SDH Link Components. Comparison of the Overhead Bytes.
11. SONET and WDM, Optical Ethernet, ATM, IP, and MPLS.
Introduction. Introduction to WDM. Capacity of WDM. Running SONET over WDM. TDM SONET and
WDM. Erbium-Doped Fiber (EDF). WDM Amplifers. Wavelength WDMs. Optical Cross-Connects
(OXC) with WDM. Passive Optical Networks (PONs). The "Sweet Spot" . Optical Ethernets
and Ethernet PONs. ATM and SONET 296 IP and SONET. ATM in the SONET Envelope. IP and PPP
in the SONET Envelope. IP Over ATM. ATM vs. IP over SONET. The "Cell Tax" . Is the ATM
Overhead Tolerable? Evolution of the Optical Broadband Network. Migration to Label
Switching Networks. Mapping Labels to Wave Lengths. Label Switched Paths (OSPS) and
Optical Switched Paths (LSPS). Protocol Stack Possibilites. Summary and Conclusions. Work
Underway. A New Optical Network Model. In Conclusion.
APPENDIX A. Transmission Media.
Properties of Light and Optical Fiber. Electromagnetic Spectrum. Properties of Light:
Reflection and Refraction. Total Internal Reflection. Numerical Aperture. Types of Fibers.
Multimode Step-Index Fibers. Multimode Graded-Index Fiber. Single-mode Step-Index Fibers.
Sources and Receivers of Optical Fiber Signals. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Lasers
(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Detectors. Optical Equipment
Units-Transmitter. Receiver. Transceivers. Repeaters. Fiber Cable Structure. Protecting
the Fiber. Jackets. Fiber Cable Structure. Strength Member. Number of Fibers in a Cable.
Fiber Losses. Spectral Attenuation. Absorption and Scattering. Radiation-Hardened Fiber.
Modal Dispersion. Spectral Dispersion.
List of Terms.
References.
Acronyms.
Index.
375 pages
