POLAND-GERMANY 1945-2007 FROM CONFRONTATION TO COOPERATION GÓRALSKI W.M. ED.

Poland-Germany 1945-2007

From Confrontation to Cooperation and Partnership in Europe

In this last of three volumes dedicated to Polish-German relations and edited by Witold M. Góralski, the authors have tried to analyze the present state of relations both in terms of the difficult past and in terms of the two countries' achievements in reaching agreement and reconciliation on lasting basis of international law.

PART I – Studies

Adam Daniel Rotfeld
Germany—Poland—Russia (Some Thoughts about the Past, the Present, and the Future)

Introduction
1. The Origins of the German Question
2. The Period of Détente
3. The European Context
4. Transformation
5. A Change in Political Attitudes
6. Between Russia and Germany
7. Future Prospects
Final Remarks

Władysław Czapliński
Polish Legal Positions with Regard to Post-Potsdam Germany in Light of International Law. Aggression—Territory—Citizenship

Introduction
1. Germany’s Responsibility as the Aggressor for the Unlawful Initiation and Waging of War
1.1. The Legality of the Initiation and Waging of War in Light of International Law in Force in 1939 40
1.2. Principles of International Responsibility
1.3. War Reparations after the Second World War
1.3.1. The New Concept of War Reparations with Regard to Germany
1.3.2. German War Reparations on Behalf of the Victorious Powers
2. Polish Legal Positions in Territorial Questions
2.1. German Legal Positions. Interpretation of Legal Doctrine
2.2. Polish Legal Positions. Interpretation of Doctrine
2.3. Further Talks with Germany on Recognition of the Boundary on the Oder and Lusatian Neisse
3. The Problem of Citizenship in Polish-German Relations
3.1. Legal Regulation of German Citizenship
3.2. GDR Citizenship
3.3. Reform of the Law on Citizenship in the FRG
3.4. The Consistency of the FRG’s Citizenship Law with Universal International Law, and with the FRG’s International Obligations. The Polish Legal Position
3.5. Final Conclusions about Citizenship Issues

Witold M. Góralski
Polish Raison d’État and Détente in Europe: the Normalization of Relations between Poland and Germany in the Years 1970–1977

Introduction
1. The Genesis of Détente in European Relations
2. Polish Raison d’État and Negotiations with the FRG for the Normalization Treaty
2.1. Rapprochement. The Premises of the Social-Democratic Eastern Policy
2.2. The Negotiation Mandate. Political and Legal Premises of the Polish Position
2.3. The Polish Concept of the Normalization Treaty
3. The Signing of the Treaty of 7 December 1970. A Compromise or a Setback?
4. The Confrontation of Two Raisons d’État on the Basis of the 1970 Normalization Treaty
4.1. The FRG’s Legal Position after the Conclusion of the 1970 Treaty
4.2. The Polish Legal Position on the Border and Former Eastern Territories of the German Reich in Light of the Potsdam Agreement
4.3. The Reinforcement of the Polish Legal Position after the Conclusion of the Treaty of 1970
5. The Results of the Normalization Process in Relations between the PRP and the FRG in the Period of Détente and Cooperation
5.1. The Dispute about the Program for Regulating Mutual Relations
5.2. The Consequences and Drawbacks of Normalization in Relations between the PRP and the FRG in the Years 1972–1977
6. Polish Raison d’État and the Process of Normalizing Relations between the PRP and the FRG in the Period of Détente and Cooperation

Jan Barcz
The Legal Bases of Poland’s Relations with United Germany

Preliminary Observations
1. On the Eve of German Unification
1.1. Problem Definition
1.2. The Problem of the Rights and Responsibilities of the Four Powers with Regard to Berlin and Germany as a Whole
1.3. The Question of the German State’s Personality under International Law
1.4. The Legal Position of the FRG with Regard to the Polish-German Border
1.5. The FRG’s Position in the Matter of the Polish-German Border as Reflected in its Domestic Law
1.6. Conclusions from the German Unification Process
2. The Two Plus Four Agreement and the Legal Status of the Polish Border with the United Germany
2.1. The Stipulations of the Treaty Concerning the Polish-German Border
2.2. Putting an End to “Reservations” Related to the Peace Treaty
3. The Meaning of the Treaty Confirming the Existing Polish-German Frontier
4. The Effectiveness of the Provisions on the Boundary in German Domestic Law
5. The Precise Formulation of Legal Bases for Relations between Poland and United Germany—the “Large” Bilateral Treaty
5.1. Background
5.2. Fundamental Provisions
5.3. The Problem of Protecting National Minorities
5.4. The Problem of Compensation for Former Slave- and Forced Laborers
5.5. The Problem of the Expropriations Made by Poland on the Western and Northern Territories
Conclusion

Anna Wolff-Powęska
Polish Raison d’État and The Process of Normalizing Relations with Germany in Conditions of Freedom and Democracy

Introduction
1. The Circumstances of the Breakthrough in Relations with Germany
1.1. The Genesis of the Ideological Breakthrough in Relations with Germany
1.2. The Significance of the Second Vatican Council for Polish-German Reconciliation
2. The Rationale of Understanding and Reconciliation. The Years 1990–1998
2.1. Polish-German Rapprochement
2.2. Forming the Bases for Polish-German Understanding
2.3. Polish-German Reconciliation as the Basic Premise for Agreement
2.4. The Europeanization of the Polish Road to Understanding with Germany
2.5. The First Disturbances in Polish-German Understanding and the Reconciliation Dialogue
2.6. The Restoration of the Anti-German Opposition
3. Problems of Closeness with Reserve in Polish-German Relations in the Years 1998–2004
3.1. New Aspects of Polish-German Political Dialogue
3.2. The Offensive of the German Opposition
3.3. Growing Political Contradictions in Relations with Germany
3.4. Memory and History as a Renewed Source of Misunderstandings and Conflicts
4. Raison d’État Conflict or New Determinants of Polish Policy toward Germany
4.1. Negation of the Policy of Understanding, Cooperation, and Partnership in Relations with Germany
4.2. At the Crossroads in Search of a New Raison d’État
5. Thoughts about Polish Raison d’État with Regard to Germany

Bogdan Koszel
Polish-German Relations and European Security
1. Introduction to the Polish-German Conflict in the Sphere of European Security
2. The Determinant of European Security in PRP-FRG Relations
2.1. The Institutionalization of Germany’s Division and European Security
2.2. The FRG’s and Poland’s Initiatives to Reduce Tensions in Central Europe
2.3. The FRG and Détente in European Relations
2.4. Soviet Dismantling of Détente and Relations between Warsaw and Bonn
2.5. The FRG and the Jaruzelski Plan
3. The Role of the FRG in Poland’s Accession to NATO
3.1. German Skepticism with Regard to NATO Enlargement to the East
3.2. Russia and Partnership for Peace
3.3. German Political Discussions about NATO Enlargement
3.4. The NATO Enlargement Problem and Russian Interests in Europe
3.5. Breakthrough in the Process of NATO Enlargement to the East
3.6. The German Epilogue to NATO Enlargement
4. Polish and German National Interests and the Europeanization of Russia
4.1. Between Politics and the Economy: New Dimensions of German-Russian Relations
4.2. Polish-German-Russian Relations under Conservative Governments
4.3. Bonn’s Eastern Policy and Germany’s EU Presidency
4.4. Polish-Russian Dilemmas in the EU Framework
5. The Russian Factor and European Security

Jan Truszczyński

Polish-German Relations and European Integration

Introduction
1. The Beginnings of Poland’s Road to European Integration
1.1. Polish Expectations from the FRG
1.2. The FRG and EC’s Association Agreement with Poland
1.3. The FRG and Polish Accession Aspirations
2. The FRG as the Advocate of Poland’s Accession to the European Union. Myths and Reality
3. The FRG and the Accession of East-Central-European Countries to the Community. Identical Aims and Different Interests
4. Accession Negotiations and the Polish-German Community of Interests
4.1. The Problem of the Free Flow of Labor
4.2. Problems of the Common Agricultural Policy
4.3. Budget Proposals
4.4. Problems of Acquiring Land in Poland by Foreigners
5. The Accession Process’s Polish-German Balance-Sheet
6. The Polish-German Community of Interests in the Process of Preparing the Constitutional Treaty for Europe
7. Tensions Related to the Implementation of the Polish-German Community of Interests
8. The Polish-German Community of Interests and the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy
8.1. The Problem of Relations with Russia
8.2. The Problem of Relations with Ukraine and Other CIS States
9. Controversies Surrounding Contribution to the EU Budget
Final Remarks

Witold M. Góralski
The Polish-German Community of Interests. Origins—Achievements—Threats

Introduction
1. Bonn’s Modus Vivendi Policy with Regard to the PRP
2. Building Foundations for Normalcy in Bilateral Relations
3. The Genesis of the Polish-German Community of Interests
3.1. Poland’s Pro-Western Orientation and Relations with the FRG
3.2. Dispute about the Recognition of the Oder–Neisse Border in the Two Plus Four Process
3.3. The Concept of a Polish-German Community of Interests
4. Poland’s Road through Germany to Europe
4.1. Poland—Germany—NATO
4.2. Poland—Germany—the European Union
5. The Significance of Polish-German Reconciliation for Relations between Poland and the FRG
5.1. The Sources of Polish-German Reconciliation
5.2. Polish-German Reconciliation as a Political Value
5.3. The System of Values behind Polish-German Reconciliation
5.4. The International Record of Polish-German Reconciliation
6. Polish-German Reconciliation and Community of Interest
7. Conflicts and Threats in Polish-German Relations after 2004
7.1. The Restitution and Damages Dispute
7.2. Sources of Threats for Polish-German Relations
Conclusion

PART II – Documents

Remigiusz A. Henczel
Introduction to the Documentary Section
List of documents
Documents
About the authors

405 pages, Paperback

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POLAND-GERMANY 1945-2007 FROM CONFRONTATION TO COOPERATION

GÓRALSKI W.M. ED. - AND PARTNERSHIP IN EUROPE

Poland-Germany 1945-2007

From Confrontation to Cooperation and Partnership in Europe