Public Procurement as a Tool of State - Building in Post - Conflict Situations: The
Case of Afghanistan
The dissertation is a novel study on the Polish literature market. In an interesting
manner, it presents an important issue in terms of economy and state institutions, namely,
public procurement. Her experience as a practitioner, as shown in her arguments for
choosing the subject of research, enables the author to present the issue of public
procurement from a perspective different than that adopted by scholars to date. The
research possesses both theoretical and practical dimensions. The author sets the analysis
of public procurement as a main tool of state-building in post-conflict states as her main
research goal.
This dissertation is a specialised compendium of information about the legal and
institutional system of Afghanistan. In this research, analysis of the functioning of
public procurement law is contextualised through the presentation of a broad systemic
background. In this manner, the dissertation constitutes one of the more detailed
presentations of practical aspects of the Afghan law in general, and especially in the
Polish literature.
INITIALISMS and OTHER ABBREVIATIONS
Introduction
1. The significance of public procurement as a tool of state-building
2. Afghanistan
2.1. The political and socio-economic situation
2.2. Geography
2.3. Population
2.4. Centralization of state
2.5. The legal system
2.6. The political and administrative control
3. Motives for choosing Afghanistan as a research subject
4. The aim of the research, its thesis and the specific issues identified
5. Structure of the publication
6. Timeframe of research
7. Methodology
8. Challenges for the researcher
8.1. Information
8.2. The choice of the Afghan MoI as a case study of practices in public procurement
8.3. The Afghan calendar
8.4. The translation of legal acts and other documents
8.5. The binding status of a piece of legislation
8.6. Internal consistency of legislation
8.7. Security
9. The notion of public procurement
10. The notion of international actors
11. Overview of the literature
CHAPTER 1. The concept of state-building
1.1. Preliminary remarks
1.2. Evolution of the concept of state-building
1.3. Significance of state functions in the course of state-building
1.4. State capacity versus state-building
1.4.1. Problems with classification
1.4.2. Developing and least-developed states
1.4.3. Weak states
1.4.4. Fragile states
1.4.5. Failing states
1.4.6. Failed states
1.5. International engagement in state-building
1.5.1. Motivations for international engagement
1.5.2. Principles of international engagement in state-building
1.6. Conclusions
CHAPTER 2. Afghanistan in a post-conflict situation
2.1. Preliminary remarks
2.2. Qualification of armed conflicts within the framework of international humanitarian
law
2.3. Gradation of the crisis situation
2.4. Post-conflict, conflict-affected, and conflict states
2.5. Analysis of the conflict in Afghanistan
2.5.1. Afghanistan as a conflict area
2.5.1.1. Sources of conflict in Afghanistan
2.5.1.2. Parties to the conflict in the internal dimension
2.5.1.3. Complexity of conflict in Afghanistan
2.5.1.4. The role of drug trafficking in the Afghan conflict
2.5.2. Afghanistan as a conflict-affected state
2.5.3. Afghanistan as a post-conflict state
2.6. Building Afghanistan in a post-conflict situation
2.6.1. Some aspects of state-building in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2011
2.6.1.1. Support for political-economic processes
2.6.1.1.1. Stages of state-building
2.6.1.1.2. Building the capacity of the state apparatus
2.6.1.2. Military aspects of state-building in Afghanistan
2.6.1.2.1. International Security Assistance Force and Provincial Reconstruction Teams
2.6.1.2.2. Operation Enduring Freedom
2.6.1.3. Afghan Security Sector Reform
2.6.1.3.1. Reform of the Afghan army
2.6.1.3.2. Reform of the Afghan police
2.6.1.3.3. Reform of the justice sector
2.6.1.3.4. Disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration
2.6.2. Challenges to state-building in Afghanistan since 2001
2.7. Conclusions
CHAPTER 3. Scope and types of international assistance as well as channels of distribution
to post-conflict states: the case of Afghanistan
3.1. Preliminary remarks
3.2. The concept of international assistance
3.2.1. Suggestion for typology of international assistance
3.2.2. Official Development Assistance
3.3. International assistance to Afghanistan
3.3.1. Evolution of international assistance to Afghanistan
3.3.1.1. International assistance before 1990
3.3.1.2. International assistance 1990–2001
3.3.1.3. International financial support between 2002 and 2011
3.3.2. The main documents on international engagement in Afghanistan after 2001
3.3.3. Extent of international assistance to Afghanistan
3.3.3.1. Official Development Assistance
3.3.3.1.1. International declarations and their implementation for the benefit of
Afghanistan
3.3.3.1.2. Main donors of Official Development Assistance to Afghanistan
3.3.3.1.3. Humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan
3.3.3.1.4. Debt of Afghanistan
3.3.3.2. Military assistance not reported as Official Development Assistance
3.3.4. Geographic and sectorial distribution of international assistance
3.3.5. Channels of distributing international assistance
3.3.5.1. Channels of distributing assistance to the security sector and military support
to Afghanistan
3.3.5.2. Channels of distributing international civil assistance
3.3.6. Structure of the Afghan budget and its execution
3.4. Conclusions
CHAPTER 4. The effectiveness of international assistance and the public
procurement system
4.1. Preliminary remarks
4.2. The effectiveness of international assistance
4.2.1. International agreements on the effectiveness of international assistance
4.2.2. The role of international assistance in the functioning of Afghan state
institutions
4.2.3. Aid predictability and alignment to the Afghan development strategies
4.3. Effectiveness of the system of public procurement
4.3.1. International agreements concerning the effectiveness of public procurement
4.3.2. Using national systems of public procurement for the delivery of international aid
4.3.3. The influence of international actors on the public procurement systems
4.3.3.1. Conducting public procurement
4.3.3.2. Reforms of public procurement systems
4.3.4. Establishing effective public procurement systems
4.3.5. Corruption in public procurement
4.4. Conclusions
CHAPTER 5. Model laws in public procurement as a form of international
assistance
5.1. Preliminary remarks
5.2. Transplanting legal norms: ‘legal transplantation’
5.3. Methods to regulate public procurement
5.3.1. Hard law
5.3.2. Soft law
5.3.2.1. Non-Binding Principles on Public Procurement of APEC
5.3.2.2. The COMESA Directives
5.3.2.3. OECD activities in the area of public procurement
5.4. UNCITRAL Model law as a basis for regulating domestic public procurement
5.4.1. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
5.4.1.1. Mandate of the Commission
5.4.1.2. Establishing the Commission
5.4.1.3. Composition of the Commission
5.4.1.4. Methods of work
5.4.1.4.1. Sessions of the Commission
5.4.1.4.2. Deliberation of working groups
5.4.1.4.3. UNCITRAL secretariat
5.4.1.5. Results of UNCITRAL’s activities
5.4.2. UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services of 1994
5.4.2.1. Composition of UNCITRAL and of the Working Group on International Economic Order
5.4.2.2. Course of work on the draft Model Law
5.4.2.2.1. Stage 1: UNCITRAL work on international contracts in the area of industrial
development
5.4.2.2.2. Stage 2: UNCITRAL work in the area of international contracts for supply and
for large industrial construction
5.4.2.2.3. Stage 3: UNCITRAL work in the area of public procurement for supply and for
large industrial construction
5.4.2.2.4. Stage 4: UNCITRAL work in the area of public procurement of services
5.4.2.3. Characteristics of the UNCITRAL Model law
5.4.3. Scope of the global reception of the UNCITRAL Model Law
5.5. Conclusions
CHAPTER 6. Evolution of public procurement legislation in Afghanistan between
1988 and 2007
6.1. Preliminary remarks
6.2. First stage: 1988–98
6.2.1. Law on Procurement of 1988
6.2.1.1. Scope of the Law
6.2.1.2. Substantive elements of the Law
6.2.1.3. Securities
6.2.1.4. Exemptions from the obligation to apply the provisions of the Law
6.2.1.5. Procurement procedures
6.2.1.5.1. Retail procurement
6.2.1.5.2. Wholesale procurement
6.2.1.6. Tender notice
6.2.1.7. Institutional aspects of procurement
6.2.2. Rules for Construction Procurement of 1989
6.3. Second stage: 1999–2001
6.3.1. Purchase Regulation of 1999 and Rules for Construction Contracts of 2001
6.3.1.1. Scope of the Regulation
6.3.1.2. Substantive elements of the Regulation
6.3.1.3. Securities
6.3.1.4. Exemptions from the provisions of the Regulation of 1999
6.3.1.5. Procurement procedures
6.3.1.5.1. Retail procurement
6.3.1.5.2. Wholesale procurement
6.3.1.6. Tender notice
6.3.1.7. Institutional aspects of procurement
6.4. Third stage: 2002–04
6.4.1. Support of international organisations in reforming the Afghan public procurement
system between 2002 and 2004
6.5. Fourth stage: 2005–07
6.5.1. Procurement Law of 2005 and Rules of Procedure for Public Procurement of 2007
6.5.1.1. Scope of the Procurement Law of 2005
6.5.1.2. Substantive elements of the law
6.5.1.3. Securities
6.5.1.4. The term ‘public interest’
6.5.1.5. Exemptions from the obligation to apply the provisions of the Procurement Law of
2005
6.5.1.6. Introductory remarks on procurement methods
6.5.1.6.1. Procurement methods
6.5.1.7. Tender notice
6.5.1.8. Institutional aspects of procurement
6.6. Conclusions
CHAPTER 7. The provisions of Afghan public procurement in force during the
research
7.1. Preliminary remarks
7.2. The legal framework of the public procurement system
7.2.1. The place of the Procurement Law in the hierarchy of Afghan legal sources
7.2.2. Procurement Law of 2008 (uniform text of 2009)
7.2.2.1. Preparatory work to introduce the Law
7.2.2.2. Entry into force of the Law and the reservations of the World Bank
7.2.2.3. Comparison of the Procurement Laws of 2005 and of 2008
7.2.2.4. Comparison of the Procurement Law of 2008 and the UNCITRAL Model Law of 1994
7.2.3. The Rules of Procedures for Public Procurement of 18 November 2009
7.2.4. Circulars of the Procurement Policy Unit
7.2.5. Standard Bidding Documents
7.2.6. Manual of Procedures for Procurement Appeal and Review of 2010
7.2.7. Provisions of sectorial laws relating to public procurement
7.2.7.1. Minerals Law of 2010
7.2.7.1.1. Institutional aspects of procurement in the Minerals Law of 2010
7.2.7.1.2. Procedural differences between the Minerals Law of 2010 and the Procurement Law
of 2008
7.2.7.2. Public procurement in provinces
7.2.7.2.1. Law on Local Administration of 2000
7.2.7.2.2. Law on Provincial Administrative Assembly of 1964
7.3. Conclusions
HAPTER 8. Organisation of public procurement in Afghanistan
8.1. Preliminary remarks
8.2. Scope of the Law
8.2.1. Goods, construction and services
8.2.2. National preference clause
8.2.3. Securities
8.2.4. Remedies for breaching a contract
8.2.5. Exemptions from the provisions of the Law
8.3. Procurement methods
8.3.1. Inconsistency in the procurement legislation
8.3.2. Analysis of procurement methods
8.4. Thresholds for procurement methods
8.5. Transparency of public procurement
8.6. Terms: interest of the nation and national security
8.7. Appeal procedure
8.7.1. Review by the Procuring Entity
8.7.2. Appeal procedure by the Administrative Review Committee
8.8. Institutional aspects of public procurement
8.8.1. Entities involved in public procurement
8.8.2. Entities responsible for conducting specific stages of public procurement
8.8.3. The terms entity, Award Authority, and end user
8.9. Conclusions
CHAPTER 9. The procurement process in the Afghan Ministry of Interior:
practical aspects
9.1. Preliminary remarks
9.2. Meaning of public procurement conducted by the MoI
9.2.1. Functions of the MoI
9.2.2. Afghan National Police formations
9.2.2.1. Salaries of the Afghan National Police
9.2.3. MoI budget in 1388 (March 2009–March 2010)
9.2.3.1. The Afghan core budget
9.2.3.2. Core budget expenditures
9.2.3.3. Expenditure of the MoI
9.2.4. MoI public procurement
9.2.5. Types of goods procured by the MoI
9.2.6. Entities engaged in MoI procurement
9.3. Institutional capacity development in public procurement
9.3.1. Structures involved in procurement training
9.3.2. MoI personnel in HQ
9.3.3. MoI personnel in the provinces
9.4. MoI public procurement in practice
9.4.1. Procurement and logistics processes in the MoI
9.4.2. Public procurement in practice
9.4.2.1. Preliminary stage of procurement process
9.4.2.1.1. Types of goods ordered by the MoI in provinces
9.4.2.1.3. Financial aspects of procurement
9.4.2.1.4. Technical specification of procurement and use of Standard Bidding Documents
9.4.2.1.5. Market research
9.4.2.1.6. Procurement tender notice
9.4.2.1.7. Declaration of confidentiality and conflict of interest
9.4.2.2. Bidders’ pre-qualification
9.4.2.3. Preparatory session
9.4.2.4. Submission of offers
9.4.2.5. Securities
9.4.2.6. Liquidated damages
9.4.2.7. Procedure of ‘blank offers’
9.4.2.8. Evaluation of offers
9.4.2.8.1. MoI provincial office
9.4.2.8.2. Role of the provincial governor
9.4.2.8.3. Regional MoI HQ
9.4.2.8.4. MoI Logistics Department in Kabul
9.4.2.8.5. MoI Procurement Department in Kabul
9.4.2.8.6. Procurement Committee and Special Procurement Commission
9.4.2.9. Information on the outcome of the procedure
9.4.2.10. Length of procurement procedure and contract implementation
9.4.2.11. Payment for fulfilling contract obligations
9.5. Conclusions
Summary
Annexes
List of Figures
List of Tables
Bibliography
380 pages, Paperback
